英语词汇文章14~16

UNICEF

UNICEF stands for United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. It was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11,1946, to provide emergency food and health care to children in countries that had been devastated by World War II In 1954, UNICEF became a permanent part of the United Nations System. UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors. Governments contribute two thirds of the
organization’s resources; private groups and some 6 million individuals contribute the rest through the National Committee. Most of UNICEF’s work is in the field, with staff in over 190 countries and territories. More than 200 country offices carry out UNICEF’s mission through a program developed with host governments. Seven regional offices provide technical assistance to country offices as needed.

emergency 紧急

fund = finance = donate

assembly 集会

general assembly 全体大会

devastate = destroy = damage

permanent = forever

contribute to

two thirds = two in three

some 大概，大约

in the field 在基层

UNICEF’s programs emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and well-being of children. UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006.

emphasize = focus on

well-being 福祉

Contribution 贡献
Assistance 援助
Establish 建立
Technical 技术的
Community 社区
Stand 代表
Well-being 福祉
Permanent 永久的
Territory 领土
Emergency 紧急的
Resource 资源
Mission 使命
Headquarter 总部
Emphasize 强调
Devastate 摧毁
Assembly 集会
Promote 促进
Donor 捐赠者
Host 主办

Obesity

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Body mass index(BMI), a measurement which compares weight and height, defines people as overweight (pre-obese) when their BMI is between 25kg/m2 and 30kg/m2, and obese when it is greater than 30kg/m2.

fat - protein - vitamin

condition - disease - illness - sickness

adverse - bad - opposite

more and more = an increasing number of

measure v.测量 n.手段，措施

Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2 diabetes, breathing difficulties during sleep, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive dietary calories, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, although a few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric illness. Evidence to support the view that some obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is limited;on average obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an increased body mass.

likelihood = possibility = potential

particularly = especially

endocrine 内分泌

medication 药物

psychiatric 精神学的

susceptible - vulnerable - fragile - susceptibility 易受影响

metabolism 新陈代谢

on average = generally

The primary treatment for obesity is dieting and physical exercise. To supplement this, or in case of failure, anti-obesity drugs may be taken to reduce appetite or inhibit fat absorption. In severe cases, surgery is performed or an intragastric balloon is placed to reduce stomach volume and/or bowel length, leading to earlier satiation and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.

dieting 节食

reduce appetite 减少食欲

supplement v. 补充

satiation 饱足感

Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was widely perceived as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history, and still is in some parts of the world.

stigma - stigmatize 污名化

fertility 多产 - fertile 肥沃 - fertilizer 肥料

• The statistics state that (although obesity is prevalent, it is not considered as a serious illness.)
• Obese people (may suffer from severe illnesses.)
• Modern medicine (can cure obesity.)
• The best treatment for obesity is (related to individuals lifestyle.)

Extent 程度
Symbol 象征
Likelihood 可能性
Susceptibility 易受影响的
Dietary 饮食的
Gene 基因
Excess 过量
Obesity 肥胖
Fertility 肥沃
Psychiatric 精神病的
Supplement 补充
Accumulate 积累
Wealth 财富
Define 定义
Calories 卡路里
Evidence 证据
Excessive 过度的
Measurement 测量
Dieting 节食
Expenditure 支出
Stigmatized 被污名化的
Statistics 统计
Disorder 紊乱
Genetic 遗传的

Climate change

Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elements in a given region over a long period of time. Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is the present condition of these same elements and their variations over shorter time periods.

encompass - include

atmosphere - atmospheric 大气的

meteor - meteorological 大气现象的

vary - variation

Climate may be inherently variable as evidenced by the irregularity of the
seasons from one year to another. This variability is normal and may remain partially understood. It is related to changes in ocean currents, volcanic eruptions, solar radiation and other components of the climate system. In addition, our climate also has its extremes (such as floods, droughts, hail, tornadoes and hurricanes), which can be devastating. However, in recent decades, a number of indicators and studies show more and more evidence of climate warming across the globe. A disturbing phenomenon that challenges human habits and activities which are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.

inherently 固有的，不断的

as evidence by 作为…的证据

partially 部分地

is related to = have something to do with …相关

current 流动

devastating 毁灭性的

indicate 指出 - indictor 指标

disturbing 令人不安的

Consequences of global warming

There are two major effects of global warming: the increase of temperature on the earth by about 3° to 5°C (5.4° to 9° Fahrenheit) by the year 2100 and Rise of sea levels by at least 25 meters (82 feet) by the year 2100. Other consequences are listed below:

• Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice.
• Amounts and patterns of precipitation and changing.
• The total annual power of hurricanes has already increased markedly since 1975 because their average intensity and average duration have increased.
• Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of other extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and tornadoes.
• Higher and lower agricultural yields, further glacial retreat, reduced summer stream flows, species extinctions.
• Diseases like malaria are returning into areas where they have been extinguished earlier.

thermal 热量

precipitation 降水

yield 产出

glacier - glacial

malaria 疟疾

• Climate is by definition variable. true
• greenhouse effects have no impacts on our health. false

Variability 变化性
Agricultural 农业的
Melt 融化
Volcanic 火山的
Component 组成部分
Radiation 辐射
Contrast 对比
Glacial 冰川的
Humidity 湿度
Variable 变量的 / 可变的
Encompass 包含 / 涵盖
Sea level 海平面
Current 洋流 / 当前的
Consequence 结果 / 后果
Atmosphere 大气 / 氛围
Extinction 灭绝
Solar 太阳的
Major 主要的
Thermal 热的 / 热量的
Eruption 喷发
Intensity 强度
Yield 产量 / 产出
Extreme 极端的
Meteorological 气象的
Devastating 毁灭性的
Extinguish 熄灭 / 消灭