英语词汇文章17~19

Ozone layer depletion

The ozone layer depletion is harmful to the environment. The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth’s **stratosphere ** the absorbs most of the Sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson. The ozone layer contains high concentrations of ozone in relation to other parts of the atmosphere.

deplete 消耗 - complete 完成

region 区域

stratosphere 平流层

ultraviolet radiation 紫外线

physics - physician 内科医生 - physicist 物理学家

in relation to 与…相比

atmosphere 大气层，氛围

concentrate - focus on - concentration

A depletion of the ozone layer has been noticed since the late 1970s. In atmospheric regions over Antarctica, the ozone layer has become significantly thin, especially in spring season causing the formation of what is called ‘ozone hole’. The main cause of ozone depletion and the ozone hole is man-made chemicals such as the chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs). As a consequence of the deterioration of the ozone layer, large amounts of ultraviolet B rays reach the Earth, which can cause skin cancer and cataracts in humans and harm animals as well.

Antarctica 南极洲

thin - thinness 瘦，薄; thick - thickness 厚

man-made = artificial

as a consequence 作为…结果

deterioration 恶化

cataract 白内障

The harmful consequences of ozone deterioration paved the way to the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987. This Protocol bans the production of CFCs, halons, and other ozone-depleting chemicals. The ban came into effect in 1989 and since then it has had positive effects on the environment. Ozone levels stabilized by the mid-1990s and began to recover in the 2000s. Recovery is projected to continue over the next century, and the ozone hole is expected to reach pre-1980 levels by around 2075. The Montreal Protocol is considered the most successful international environmental agreement to date.

pave the way to 导致了…

pavement 人行道

adopt 采用，接收，收养；adapt 适应，改编，调整

protocol 条约

bar = ban = prohibit = inhibit = block

has … effect on 有…影响

stabilize 稳定

recover 恢复 = rehabilitate = revive

be expected to = is projected to 预计做某事

  • The ozone layer was discovered in the 1970s. false
  • The deterioration of the ozone layer started in the 21st century. false
  • The harmful chemicals that caused the ozone layer depletion are not allowed to be produced anymore. yes
  • Th ozone layer is still deteriorating. false

Protocol 协议
Deteriorate 恶化
Absorb 吸收
Concentration 浓度
Agreement 协议 / 协定
Adaption 适应
Shield 保护 / 屏障
Layer 层
Radiation 辐射
Recovery 恢复
Level 水平 / 层级
Come into effect 生效
Ozone 臭氧
Project 项目 / 计划
Atmosphere 大气 / 氛围
Date 日期
Antarctica 南极洲
Depletion 消耗 / 破坏
Stabilize 稳定

Pollution

pollution is the degradation of natural environment by external substances introduced directly or indirectly. Human health, ecosystem quality and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity may be affected and altered permanently by pollution.

degradation 降级

introduce 引进

aqua - aquatic 水产的 - aquarius - aquarium 水族馆

territory - terrestrial

permanently 永久地 - forever - perpetual - everlasting - eternal - long lasting - enduring

alter - shift - change

pollution occurs when ecosystems can not get rid of substances introduced into the environment. The critical threshold of its ability to naturally eliminate substances is compromised and the balance of the ecosystem is broken.

get rid of 摆脱

threshold 临界值

eliminate 消除，剔除

compromise 妥协，折中，损害

The sources of pollution are numerous. The identification of these different pollutants and their effects on ecosystems is complex. They can come from natural disasters or the result of human activity, such as oil spills, chemical spills, nuclear accidents … These can have terrible consequences on people and the planet where they live; destruction of the biodiversity, increased mortality of the human and animal species, destruction of natural habitat, damage caused to the quality of soil, water and air …

identify - identification 识别 - identity 身份 - identical 同一的 - identical twin

pollutant 污染物

complex 复杂的 - complicated - sophisticated - intricate

disaster - disastrous

earthquake - volcano eruption - catastrophe

nuclear 原子

mortality 死亡率

Preventing pollution and protecting the environment necessitate the application of the principles of sustainable development. we have to consider to satisfy the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. This means that we should remedy existing pollution, but also anticipate and prevent future pollution sources in order to protect the environment and public health. Any environmental damage must be punishable by law, and polluters should pay compensation for the damage caused to the environment.

necessitate 使有必要

consider 设法

satisfy - satisfaction - satisfied

generation 几代

anticipate - anticipation -expectation

punishable 可惩罚的

  • The damage caused by pollution might be irreversible. true
  • The ecosystem may not always be able to cope with pollution.
  • Pollution may sometimes be caused by natural disasters.
  • An ideal solution to prevent pollution would be to take into consideration the future generations need to live in a healthy environment.

What is meditation?

The term meditation refers to a practice where a person uses techniques, such as mindfulness, or focusing their mind on a particular object, thought, or activity. Meditation aims at training the attention and awareness and achieving a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state.

term 术语

refer to 涉及

technique 技术

mindfulness 专注

particular 具体的

mental - physical - psychologically - spirit

state 状态，州，陈述

Meditation has been practiced since antiquity in numerous religious traditions and beliefs, often as part of the path towards enlightenment and self-realization. Since the 19th century, it has spread from its origins to other cultures where it is commonly practiced in private and business life.

enlightenment 启发，开导

antiquity 古代 = ancient - antique 古董

How do you meditate

Most meditation techniques don’t require specialized equipment or space. Generally, these techniques can be classified into two broad categories:

  1. Focused (or concentrative) meditation: This involves the voluntary focusing of attention on a chosen object, breathing, image, or words.
  2. Open monitoring (or mindfulness) meditation: This involves the focus on all mental events that enter the field of awareness.

specialized 专门的

voluntary = consciously

monitor 监管，班长

Generally speaking, beginner should start with short periods of meditation (e.g. three minutes) that involves four steps:

  1. Finding a comfortable position.
  2. Closing one’s eyes.
  3. Breathing naturally.1
  4. Focusing the attention on the breath.

While meditation, the individual has to be aware of the body’s reactions to every inhalation and exhalation. That is, as one breathes attention should be brought to the movement of your body mainly the chest, the belly, and the shoulders.

inhalation 吸气

What are the benefits of meditation?

Meditation is an old practice that aims at training the mind and the body to relax and get calm. It is known for improving psychological balance, dealing with illness, and enhancing general health and well-being. Some of the benefits of mediation identified by experts include:

  • Stress reduction
  • Anxiety control
  • Emotional health promotion
  • Self-Awareness enhancement
  • Attention span lengthening
  • Kindness generation
  • Addiction treatment
  • Sleep improvement
  • Pain Control
  • Blood pressure decrease

well-being 福祉

anxiety = anxious = worry

promote 促销，改善，提升，晋级

enhance = promote = improve

Refer to 指的是 / 参考
Psychological 心理的
Chest 胸部
Antiquity 古代 / 古老
Technique 技巧 / 技术
Belly 腹部
Monitor 监测 / 监视
Meditation 冥想
Enhance 提高 / 增强
Anxiety 焦虑
Mindfulness 正念 / 专注
Enlightenment 启蒙 / 觉悟
Classify 分类
Awareness 意识 / 认知
Practice 练习 / 实践
Category 类别
Broad 广泛的 / 宽广的