英语词汇文章20~21, 11课（补）

Computer addiction

computer addiction can be defined as the excessive or compulsive use of the computer which persists despite serious negative consequences for personal, social or occupational fuction. The addiction involves online and / or offline computer usage and consists of at least three subtypes: excessive gaming, sexual preoccupations, and e-mail/text messaging.

define - definition

compulsive - compulsory

occupation = work = job = career

consist of …组成

subtypes 附属种类

preoccupation 全身投入

Offline and online computer addiction

The concept of computer addiction is broadly divided into two types, namely offline and online computer addiction. The term offline computer addiction is generally used when speaking about excessive gaming behavior, which can be practiced both offline and online. Online computer addiction, also known as Internet addiction, gets more attention in general from secientific research than offline computer addiction, mainly because most cases of computer addiction are related to the excessive use of the internet.

term 术语

also known as 又称为

be pracitced 被进行，被实施

The symptoms of computer addiction include:

  • Being drawn by the computer as soon as one wakes up and before one goes to bed.
  • Replacing old hobbies with excessive use of the computer and using the computer as one’s primary source of entertainment and procrastination.
  • Lacking physical exercise and/or outdoor exposure because of constant use of the computer. This could contribute to many health problems such as obesity.

Repaceing B with A 用A替换B

procrastinate 拖延

contribute to 有助于，导致

Cause and Effects

Researchers link internet/computer addiction with existing mental health issues, most notably depression. Studies showed that the majority of those who met the requirements of internet/computer addiction suffered from interpersonal difficulties and stress and that those addicted to online games specifically responded that they hoped to avoid reality.

notable - notably

suffered from 遭受

interpersonal 人际关系的

There are many consequences resulting from computer addiction. For example, excessive computer use may result in lack of face to face social interaction. It may also lead to Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS), a condition that results in headaches, blurred vision, neck pain, fatigue, eye strain, dry eyes, irritated eyes, double vision, vertigo or dizziness.

result from 由…导致 跟原因

result in 导致了…结果 跟结果

sydrome 综合症

irritate 恼怒，愤怒

vertigo 晕头转向

Notably 显著地 / 尤其
Suffer 遭受 / 受苦
Negative 消极的 / 负面的
Condition 状况 / 条件
Exist 存在
Depression 抑郁
Excessive 过度的
Exposure 暴露
Interaction 互动 / 交流
Addiction 成瘾
Persist 持续 / 坚持
Contribute 贡献 / 促成
Define 定义
Symptom 症状
Preoccupation 关注 / 忧心忡忡
Dizziness 头晕
Fatigue 疲劳
Occupational 职业的
Irritated 易怒的 / 恼怒的
Function 功能 / 运作
Blurred 模糊的
Procrastination 拖延

Christmas

Christmas which is celebrated on December 25th is an important Christian holiday. The origin of the world “Christmas” comes from “Christ” and the “Holy Mass”. It is believed that the day commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ although a lot of people doubt that the Day corresponds to the actual date of birth. In spite of its Christian origin, Christmas is also celebrated by a lot of non Christian countries and the celebration includes a lot of non religious customs. People exchange gifts and greeting cards. Homes are decorated with Christmas trees, light and garlands. Dinners are planned with special food and all the families gather to have a lot of fun.

Christ - Christmas - Christian - Christianity

Religious - Religious people

Islam - Buddhism

commemorate - honor

greeting card 贺卡

garlands 花环

A Central imaginary figure in Christmas is Father Christmas, also called Santa Claus, He is believed to fly on his sleigh bringing gifts for children. Christmas is also an opportunity for economic growth. It has become an important period for business activity. Shops make a lot of profit and a lot of countries realized this economic impact.

sleigh 雪橇

shopping carnival 购物节

What Does Christmas Mean Today?

Today, Christmas is still connected to its religious background although it has gained some secular characteristics. For many people, Christmas is spending extra time with family, expressing thanks and love, sharing and making others happy, and commemorating the birth of the central figure of Christianity, Jesus Christ.

secular 世俗的，现期的

characteristics = feature = trait

Christmas is also a worldwide cultural and economic phenomenon. It is considered the most significant economic boost for many countries worldwide since sales in particularly all retail categories surge considerably. People buy and exchange gifts, decorate Christmas trees, enjoy meals with family and friends, and of course, wait for Santa Claus to arrive.

surge = soar 增长

category 类别

  1. Christmas celebration on December 25.
  2. Jesus Christ’s Date of birth we are not sure about the exactly date.
  3. Santa Claus comes on a flying sleigh

Culture Shock

what is the culture shock?

Culture shock refers to the feeling of disorientation experienced by people when they move to an unfamiliar cultural environment or when they are suddenly exposed to a different way of life or set of attitudes. This can be the result of immigration or a visit to a new country, a move between social environments, or simply a transition to another type of life.

shock 冲击，震惊

refer to 指的是

orient - disorientation 迷失

Culture shock stages

Culture shock consists of four distinct stages: honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, and adaption, The honeymoon stage occurs when the individual sees the difference between the old and new culture in a romantic light. In negotiation stage, the differences between the old and new culture become apparent and may create anxiety. The adjustment stage refers to the period when the individuals grows accustomed to the new culture and develop routines. Finally, in the adaption stage, individuals are able to participate fully and comfortably in the host culture. Adaption or acceptance does not mean total conversion; people often keep many traits from their earlier culture, such as accents and languages. It is often referred to as bicultural stage.

negotiate - negotiation 协商

apparent = obvious

anxiety - anxious

routine 日常

bicultural 双重文化的 bilingual 双重语言者

Homesickness

Culture shock may cause homesickness. This refers to the feeling of longing for one’s home. People suffering from culture shock typically experience a combination of depressive and anxious symptoms related to homesickness. Ways of coping with homesickness include developing a hobby, thinking positively and feeling grateful about what one has, and building new relationships.

depressive 压抑

typically 典型的

combination 组合

symptoms 症状

cope with = deal with

grateful 感激

Cultural shock is a natural phenomenon that occurs when one has a cross-cultural experience. Going through the different stages can take weeks, months or years, But ultimately, the experience can be enriching and may end up with either adaption with the new culture or a return home.

occur = happen

Enrich 丰富 / 提升
Suddenly 突然地
Disorientation 迷失方向 / 迷茫
Ultimately 最终 / 归根结底
Longing 渴望 / 思念
Phenomenon 现象
Accustomed 习惯的 / 适应的
Apparent 明显的 / 显而易见的
Shock 震惊 / 休克
Unfamiliar 不熟悉的 / 陌生的
Expose 暴露 / 接触
Attitude 态度
Occur 发生
Grateful 感激的
Adjustment 调整 / 适应
Adaption 适应 / 改编
Repressive 压制的 / 镇压的
Routine 常规 / 例行公事
Transition 过渡 / 转变
Negotiation 谈判 / 协商
Trait 特征 / 品质
Participate 参与
Conversion 转变 / 转换

  1. Culture shock occurs only as a result of immigration. true
  2. The adaptation stage means that there is a complete change of personality. false
  3. Homesickness and culture shock refer to the same thing. false
  4. culture shock has also positive effects on people experiencing it. true